Collapsible loess is prone to self weight collapse after soaking. The strength of loess will be greatly reduced, and it will threaten the safe operation of buried pipelines along the way. In order to study the stability of buried pipelines in collapsible loess regions, the displacements, stresses and strains of different pipe outer diameters and wall thicknesses during collapsing were analyzed based on the finite element method. The limit length that the buried pipeline could withstand in the loess disaster under certain conditions was obtained by the eigenvalue buckling theory. The results show that: increasing the outer diameter and wall thickness of the pipeline and reducing the buried depth of the pipeline in the loess can effectively reduce the displacement of the pipeline in the collapsible loess; and increasing the outer diameter and wall thickness of the pipeline can also effectively avoid the phenomenon that the local stress of the pipeline is too high; the maximum stress and strain of the pipeline occur at the center of the collapsing zone and the fixed ends on both sides; according to the buckling eigenvalue theory, the ultimate length of the collapsible area of the pipeline is about 65 m when the soil mass has self weight collapsible, and increasing the outer diameter and wall thickness of the pipeline can enhance the buckling resistance of buried pipelines when self weight collapse after soaking.

At present, the biggest problem in lignin research is how to achieve efficient depolymerization of lignin, which is mainly due to the structural instability of lignin. In view of this problem, the natural structure of lignin, the structural changes of lignin in the process of separation and depolymerization were summarized and the specific effects of structural changes of lignin on the depolymerization process were also discussed. Literature survey shows that maintaining the structural integrity of lignin plays a key role in promoting the depolymerization of lignin, and put forward the prospect of the development trend of lignin depolymerization.

With the development of science and technology, the automation and intellectualization of killing technology has become an important direction for the development of oil and gas well control technology. In view of the low efficiency, insufficient safety and imperfect automation of displacement killing, this paper presents a design scheme of automatic displacement killing based on the basic principle and parameter calculation model of displacement killing, and makes sensitivity analysis of the important parameters affecting the killing design. The accuracy of real⁃time monitoring and parameter calculation of automatic killing system directly affects the rationality of killing design. While improving the accuracy of model calculation, we need to configure high⁃accuracy killing monitoring equipment. This scheme can provide some research basis for related researchers and provide some theoretical support for field construction.

A strain named of CKB that can efficiently degrade straw was selected from soil where growing rice perennially and which was identified as Aspergillus niger by ITS sequence analysis. In the normal soil temperature and environment, the straw was degraded by the bacteria for 35 days, and the weight loss rate reached 49%. Furthermore, the degradability of cellulose and lignin by CKB was also investigated. At 72 h of the degradation, the converted glucose concentration from cellulose was 0.554 g/L, while the amount of lignin degradation was 0.607 g/L. The effect of substrate concentration, pH, and temperature on the degradation of cellulose and lignin was investigated. The structural change of straw before and after degradation were observed by SEM. The products of degradation were detected and characterized by means of Pyrolysis⁃GC/MS; the degradation mechanism of Aspergillus niger CKB was explained.

Ignition is the key technology of in⁃situ combustion, which is related to the smooth start of in⁃situ combustion. Because the structure of artificial ignition device was complex, there are some risks of pressure fluctuation and casing damage during operation. Based on the working principle of the traditional igniter, a discardable ignition device for oil reservoir is proposed. The basic structure, installation method and construction process of the igniter are designed. The ignition device provides the necessary heat to start in⁃situ combustion by the solid fuel combustion. It is droppable and no need to recover after complete combustion. The device can avoid construction risk while satisfying the requirements of the ignition. A calculation results of the example shows that the device is feasible and can improve the ignition success rate effectively.

The oil sand water agent was optimized, and the Inner Mongolia Tumuji oil sand was taken as the experimental object. The effects of reagent concentration, reagents sand ratio, mixing time, mixing temperature to the tailings residual oil rate were investigated. According to Tumuji oil sands, the results show that under the conditions of reagent concentration of 3.50%, agent sand ratio of 0.4∶1.0, mixing time of 25 min, mixing temperature of 90 ℃, the tailings residual oil rate can reach 0.71%. The improvement reduces the water agent consumption and the residual oil rate of the tailings.

Firstly, the effect of the mechanical centrifugal purifier rotation speed on its own resistance in the case of using a mechanical centrifugal lampblack purifier alone was studied. Secondly, the effect of the mechanical centrifugal purifier rotation speed on the cleaning cycle and the soot purification efficiency of the electrostatic fume purifier was studied under the combined use of the mechanical centrifugal purifier and the electrostatic fume purifier. Finally, in order to optimize the equipment, we will extend the metal mesh turntable coating of the mechanical centrifugal purifier to extend the cleaning cycle of the mechanical centrifugal purifier, and study the friction coefficient of the mechanical centrifugal purifier after coating on the self⁃purification efficiency and the purification efficiency of the whole system influences.The results show that the use of mechanical centrifugal purifier can prolong the cleaning cycle of electrostatic fume purifier. The use of electrostatic fume purifier can improve the purification efficiency of mechanical centrifugal purifier. The combination of a mechanical centrifugal purifier and an electrostatic fume purifier has the best effect on the purification of the fume.

In order to achieve the emulsification viscosity reduction of heavy oil in Huanxiling oil production plant of Liaohe oilfield, the emulsifier solution with the mass fraction of 30%, emulsifying temperature of 50 ℃, emulsifying time of 1 h, stirring speed of 200 r/min, stirring time of 5 min, under the shear rate of 16.9 s－1, the effect of single emulsifier and compounding emulsifier on the stability and viscosity⁃reducing rate of emulsion is investigated. The results show that the optimal compounding mode of the compounding emulsifier is as follow: 0.7% OP⁃12 and 0.8% sodium oleate; the best compound emulsifier and heavy oil could form a stable emulsion, and the viscosity can be reduced from 1 020.9 mPa•s to 72.0 mPa•s, and the viscosity reduction rate reachs 92.95%. The emulsion with the best compound emulsifier and heavy oil has better stability than the single agent OP⁃12 and heavy oil emulsion.

The common research methods for the adsorption and diffusion of zeolite molecular sieves at home and abroad, the characteristics and applicable scope of each method, and the research status of adsorption and diffusion phenomena at home and abroad are introduced. The research results of domestic and foreign scientific research workers are systematically introduced. On this basis, the scientific problems that existed in this field are put forward. Aiming at these problems, a research program by using gas chromatography for the study of adsorption and diffusion phenomena is proposed. The principle of gas chromatography and the method of adsorption and diffusion are described in detail. The corresponding formulas are deduced, and the application of gas chromatography in the study of adsorption and diffusion is also prospected.

The subject of experiment is oilsandsoil with high mechanical impurity. The study on the enhanced removal of mechanical impurities in oilsandsoil was carried out by ultrasonicsedimentation method. The effect factors including ultrasonic separation time, proportion of coking diesel oil, sedimentation time and sedimentation temperature were studied, respectively. The suitable conditions of demulsification and deimpurity in Indonesia's oilsandsoil were investigated by orthogonal experiment. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional sedimentation method, the removal rate of mechanical impurities in oilsandsoil is increased by more than 10% by ultrasonicsedimentation method. With the increase of the proportion of coking diesel oil, sedimentation time and sedimentation temperature, the proportion of mechanical impurities in oil sands decreased and the removal rate of mechanical impurities gradually increased. The proportion of coking diesel oil was the most important factor on the mechanical impurity proportion of refined oil. The optimum conditions for the removal of mechanical impurities by ultrasonicsedimentation method are as follows: the sedimentation temperature of 80 ℃, sedimentation time of 4.4 h, ultrasonic cleaning time 10.4 min and the mass proportion of coker diesel oil of 30.9%. Under the optimal conditions, the minimum mechanical impurity in the oilsandsoil was 0.26%.

A new video watermarking algorithm based on the 1D DFT (one-dimensional discrete Fourier transform) and Radon transform was proposed in this paper. The 1D DFT for a video sequence generates an ideal domain. The frames with highest frequency were chosen to embed the watermark in the Radon transform domain. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by video compression standard H.264 with three different bit rates; geometric attacks such as rotation, translation, and aspectratio; and other attacks like frame drop, frame swap, spatial filtering, noise addition, lighting were conducted. The results show that the algorithm is robust to the attack. One of the most important advantages of this video watermarking algorithm is its simplicity and practicality.

According to the principle of atomizing corona discharge, a cooking fume purifier was made, and the volt-ampere characteristic curve of atomization condition and non-atomization condition, purification efficiency and discharge current were studied. The results showed that the discharge current of atomizing corona discharge was higher than the non atomizing corona discharge current, either positive or negative corona discharge; it was not conducive to the purification of earthed negative corona discharge cooking fume purification weather the flow too large or too small; cooking fume purifier efficiency were decreased with the increase of wind speed under both condition; the efficiency and the discharge current of atomizing corona discharge cooking fume purifier was almost unchanged with the increase of application time, while both of them decrease under the non-atomizing corona.

The oxidation state in the process of the fire flooding is very important index factor to judge the efficiency of oil combustion. In this paper, the insufficiency applicability of the method of judging combustion state in the process of ordinary heavy oil fire flooding is studied. First of all, the thermal weight experiment of Du 66 crude oil in Shuguang oil field was studied to determine the relationship between the oxidation temperature and the quality of the reaction stage, and the different stages of the reaction characteristics were obtained. Subsequently, the high temperature and low temperature oxidation experiments were stimulated in order to determine the oxygen utilization ratio, N ₂/CO ₂ molar ratio, H/C atomic ratio and gas value of crude oil sample. The results show that these indicators can be used to judge the calibration value of the oxidation reaction state, so as to guide the field to judge the state of oxidation.

Along with the rapid growth of the national economy, energy consumption had been going up. At present, the petroleum reserve system in china was gradually perfect, and a large number of crude oil depots would be put into operation. The consumption of steam was very huge during storage, because of the large increase in crude oil storage. Saving energy and reducing consumption had become the most important task. The petroleum storage temperature affected the holding time and heating time, directly related to the consumption of steam. The influence of the storage temperature on the cost of the oil storage tank on different frequency of operation were calculated and analyzed. A premium scheme to provide some reference for energy saving was found, which could complete the task in time and ensure safety by comparing different schemes.

Soil temperature field changed periodically during seasons. During the long distance hot oil pipeline operation period, the pipeline operating properties would change under different soil temperature field. When setting the outlet oil temperature, Newtonian fluid, nonnewtonian fluid length and inlet oil temperature would change with different oil temperature. By aimulating the interactive temperature field between hot oil pipeline and soil temperature field how heat transfer from oil pipeline to soil was analyzed. By setting up mathematical model the change of hot oil fluid state and inlet oil temperature under different soil temperature fields was analyzed. According to the calculation results, the piping system operation conditions to realize the whole optimization could adjusted, this could also provide theoretical basis for oil transportation scheme.

 

The inter-turn stator winding fault of synchronous generator, which is common and destructive, greatly affects the security of the generator and the power network. Based on the extended Park vector approach(EPVA), a practical method of reference frame conversion—the extended alpha beta method, was proposed, and the unsymmetric voltage and current caused by the inter-turn stator winding fault in generator was analyzed by this new method. Then the graphical representation and digital characteristic of fault is obtained. This method is reliable and easy to be applied into practice. And it is a noninvasive approach to detect the inter-turn stator winding fault. The dynamic simulative experiment results with different load, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique. Combined with multi-loop method, this can be applied to the on-line detection and location of inter-turn short circuits in the stator windings of three-phase synchronous generator as a new method. 

The process of LNG rolling evolution was simulated after stratification according to control equation of the process of rolling in LNG spherical tank, based on VOF model and boussinesq. Numerical analysis of the affecting factors for the roll. Research shows that the root cause of rolling for LNG is layering. The average convection velocity increased in the tank is followed with increasing of the quantity of environment heat leakage, accelerated the roll time of LNG. LNG rolling time could be lag because of large differences density in layered area but natural convection is severe within the layer. Roll will get the evaporation rate gather in the lower then caused the pressure augment and serious harm in the tank in a moment. Finally, some suggestions to prevent rolling were given. Providing theoretical guidance for LNG safety storage and optimize operations.

A single U-tube is the most common type of ground heat exchange in Ground Coupled Heat Pump(GCHP)system, and ground heat exchanger is an important component of the GCHP system. The real shape of U-tube was considered, and heat transfer model of underground vertical buried tube heat exchanger was built with math methods and numerical analysis software. The soil temperature distributions around the buried tube under different working conditions were solved by programming. The analysis shows that the thermal conductivity and specific heat of soil, the thermal conductivity of backfilled material in drilling and the distance between U-tubes have direct effect on the heat transfer performance of buried tubes. The results may provide guidance in the design of GCHP systems．

 

 

With the application of solar energy storage system with phase change thermal storage to air conditioning and refrigeration, an air conditioning and refrigeration of solar energy storage system with phase change thermal storage was presented. Partial thermo-technical parameters in exothermic process of phase change thermal storage equipment was calculated, and then the heat efficiency of air conditional refrigeration system was analyzed. According to the analysis it was found that this system has avoided instability and discontinuity problems which existed in previous solar energy air conditioning systems. Solar energy storage system with phase change thermal storage is suitable to store solar energy and provide heat source for air conditional refrigeration system due to its good characteristics such as small volume, great heat storage capacity, good uniformity of releasing temperature and easy control.

Exploitation and research of compositive product, i.e. Corrosion Inhibitor, was carried out by the mixing of the main component of corrosion inhibitor with surfactants, chelate, organic amine and liquid of prefabrication, then the optimal proportion was found out in order to build the best matching systems. The models among the anti-corrosive capacity of the inhibitor and operation conditions were established by polynary quadratic regression. The optimum operation conditions obtained by non-linear programming (NLP) are the following: the amount of the surfactants, chelate, organic amine and the liquid of prefabrication is 0.112 6, 0.010 2, 0.213 9 and 0.357 2 respectively. The verified experiment showed that the products under the optimum operation conditions had the better water-soluble capablity, slower corrosion rate and higher anti-corrosive capacity (up to over 99%).

The ethanol rectification device is the plant in which 95% ethanol is thrice rectified to make it anhydrous ethanol. The process is a batch reaction, the control system uses PLC multi-loop of the series-wound adjustment, to improve the precision of control and the automation. The advantages such as flexible control of PLC, multiple functions, the convenient key technical parameters setting and the open-and-shut interface of the operating system etc. Will finally make it applied extensively in the ethanol rectification device.

Petroleum sulfonate is obtained through sulfonate reaction using extract oil from refining VGO.no.5 in the No.1 refinery of Fushun as raw materials and oleum as sulfonation agent in this paper. And the effect of reaction conditions such as acid/oil ratio, temperature and reaction time on product yield is studied. The yield of petroleum sulfonate is 64.14% when acid/oil ratio is 0.12∶1, temperature is 60 ℃and reaction time is 45 min. After petroleum sulfonic acid is reacted with 10% sodium hydroxide, petroleum sulfonate is obtained by extraction with ethanol and its active substance content is 42.1%, which can be used as surface active reagent.